Like all components, resistors cannot be manufactured to perfection. The measurement of resistance in unpowered circuits may be performed with a digital multimeter. Its fundamental attribute is the restriction of electrical current flow: The greater the resistance, the greater the restriction of current. Resistors: The resistor is perhaps the most fundamental of all electrical devices. You can realize by figure, each green color line is series each other. The small leg is cathode and must be connected to the ground. LEDs have two legs, one of them is anode and the other one is cathode. LED is one of the most important component in electronics gives illumination or light. In this figure, simple LED example is given. The lab assistant teach you how to use the breadboard in lab. Each color lines are in series each other. A simple breadboard is shown in the figure. If you aren’t sure how a circuit will react under a given set of parameters, it’s best to build a prototype and test it out. Prototyping is the process of testing out an idea by creating a preliminary model from which other forms are developed or copied, and it is one of the most common uses for breadboards. These are great units for making temporary circuits and prototyping, and they require absolutely no soldering. Lab 1 : Introduction to Lab, Using materials Objective The objective of this exercise is to become familiar with the operation and usage of basic circuit materials, namely resistors, breadboard and Transistor-Transistor Logic ( TTL or chip).Įquipment (1) Adjustable DC Power Supply (1) Digital Multimeter (1) Resistors (1) Breadboardīreadboard: An electronics breadboard is actually referring to a solder less breadboard. IC Number 7400 7402 7404 7408 7410 7420 7432 7447 7476 7483 7485 7486 7493 74151 74153 Displayĭescription Quadruple 2-input NAND gates Quadruple 2-input NOR gates Hex Inverter Quadruple 2-input AND gates Triple 3-input NAND gate 4 Dual 4-input NAND gates 4 Quadruple 2-input OR gates BCD-to-seven segment decoder Dual JK master-slave flip-flop 4-bit binary adder 4-bit magnitude comparator Quadruple 2-input XOR gates 4-bit ripple counter 8x1 multiplexer Dual 4x1 multiplexer 2 Seven-segment LED display, common anodeĭigital gates in IC packages with identification numbers and pin assignments The flipflop we are going to use is JK flip flop.LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. Number of flipflops = 2, since it is a 2-bit counter. Draw the logic diagram based on the equations obtained.ĭesigning a 2-bit Synchronous up Counter Step 1. ![]() Obtain simplified equations for inputs using K-Map.Draw the state diagram and circuit excitation table.Decide the type of flip flop and draw excitation table of flip flop.Decide the number of flip flops required.The designing of synchronous counters follows the steps given below : The clock inputs of all the individual flip-flops are clocked together at the same time by the same clock signal, giving rise to the name “synchronous counter.” Because all of the flip-flops are clocked together simultaneously (in parallel) at the same time, changes in output occur in “synchronisation” with the clock signal.Īs a result, all of the individual output bits change state at the same time, in response to the common clock signal, with no ripple effect and thus no propagation delay, as in asynchronous counters. Designing a 3-bit Synchronous up Counter.Designing a 2-bit Synchronous up Counter.
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